# The Slave Ship by J. M. W. Turner (1840) Canonical article: https://www.artifact-archive.com/archive/the-slave-ship-j-m-w-turner-1840 - **Painting:** The Slave Ship - **Artist:** J. M. W. Turner - **Date:** 1840 - **Medium:** Oil on canvas - **Dimensions:** 90.8 × 122.6 cm (35.7 × 48.2 in) - **Current location:** Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts, United States - **Period:** Romanticism - **Culture:** British A docent's tour of Turner's The Slave Ship, the 1840 oil painting whose full recorded title, Slavers throwing overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon coming on, states its disturbing subject. The account distinguishes the recorded title and associations from what the pictorial description itself can and cannot establish. ## High-resolution image [The Slave Ship by J. M. W. Turner (1840) | High-resolution image](https://www.artifact-archive.com/print-assets/929cb3bda0ca6ad8ba7fae162e500474e72b40ee92989ec857b4b9036af6ed1b.png) Available image: 2,152 × 1,616 pixels. ## Artwork presentation record Artwork accent colour: #51402C. Original-image hero position: 50% horizontal, 50% vertical. Decorative crops use the original artwork image; they are not technical examination images. ## Details to notice ### Blood red sunset Detail ID: blood_red_sunset. The blazing crimson and gold sunset and its burning glare on the water dominate the upper and central canvas, carrying the work's emotional and moral cataclysm. Original-image crop (%): x 34, y 20, width 36, height 36. ### Feeding fish and gulls Detail ID: feeding_fish_and_gulls. Open-mouthed fish and white gulls swarm in the lower right of the water, feeding on what the sea has been given, the image's note of nature's indifference. Original-image crop (%): x 60, y 76, width 36, height 24. ### Figures in the surf Detail ID: drowning_figures_in_surf. Small pale and red-touched human forms and limbs tumble in the waves near the ship, the visible human cost of what has been thrown overboard. Original-image crop (%): x 19, y 60, width 20, height 20. ## The story The painting before you is Turner's The Slave Ship. Its fuller recorded title is Slavers throwing overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon coming on. That title names the subject directly: a slave ship at sea, with enslaved people cast overboard as the crew tries to save the vessel in a coming storm. Evidence: documented. Source references: source-1. The work is dated 1840 and is painted in oil on canvas. Turner was a British painter and printmaker who lived from 1775 to 1851. The title is the source's description of the action, not a claim of eyewitness testimony. Turner is not recording an event he saw; he is depicting a practice that belonged to the history of the Atlantic slave trade. Evidence: documented. Source references: source-1. The painting is catalogued as a marine scene, and the title supplies the narrative it belongs to. A ship is caught in a storm, and the sea, the light, and the vessel's angle dominate the composition. The supplied material does not describe the placement of individual bodies, the colours at each edge, or the expression of a figure. Those are not details this account can honestly supply. Evidence: observation. Source references: source-1. The painting's catalogued associations include the Zong massacre and the broader history of the Atlantic slave trade. The Zong case belongs to that wider history. Keep in mind that an association in a catalogue is not the same as a claim that Turner painted that exact episode here. Evidence: documented. Source references: source-1. The title's phrase, throwing overboard the dead and dying, points to a specific logic in transatlantic slavery. Enslaved people were treated as cargo, and the phrase names a moment when they were cast from a ship at sea. What the record establishes is the subject as described in the title. It does not establish the number of people, their names, or the precise circumstances of any single voyage. Evidence: documented. Source references: source-1. The painting was exhibited in the Royal Academy Exhibition of 1840, and the supplied record notes that its image has been used to illustrate that exhibition. The title alone carries the moral charge. The ship, the storm, and the human cost are all named, and the painting asks you to hold them together rather than separate the weather from the violence. Evidence: documented. Source references: source-1. The painting is classified as marine art and associated with Romanticism, a period in which British artists often gave nature a force beyond human control. Read in that light, the title's coming typhoon is not only weather. It frames a human crime within a nature that may overwhelm the ship, but the source does not claim that Turner intended the storm as a moral verdict. Evidence: interpretation. Source references: source-1. The work belongs to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, with accession number 99.22. What you can carry away is the subject the title states plainly: a slave ship, people thrown overboard, and a storm coming on. The painting's reason for existing is that conjunction, not a decorative seascape. Evidence: documented. Source references: source-1. ## About the artist ### J. M. W. Turner 1775 to 1851 J. M. W. Turner was an English painter and draftsman (c.1775–1851). Their work is associated with Romanticism; English painting. Their recorded places of work include Vienna; Belgium; Prague; Dieppe; Lyon; Paris; Rouen; Berlin; Dresden; Heidelberg; Constance; Bologna; Florence; Naples; Rome; Turin; Venice; Amsterdam; Delft; Dordrecht; Haarlem; Leiden; Rotterdam; The Hague; Utrecht; Lucerne; Rheinfelden; Zurich; Bristol; Chester; Edinburgh; London; Malmesbury; Twickenham. - **Born:** 1775 - **Died:** 1851 - **Nationality:** Kingdom of Great Britain; United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland - **Birthplace:** Covent Garden; Maiden Lane; London - **Died in:** Cheyne Walk; Chelsea; Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea ![Artist portrait of J. M. W. Turner]() Artist portrait. Image credit: J. M. W. Turner. [Image source](). [Licence: Public domain](). - [Wikidata: J. M. W. Turner]() ## Research and reference record ### Structured catalogue record #### Title Field ID: title. The Slave Ship Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1] #### Artist or attribution Field ID: artist. J. M. W. Turner Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1] #### Object date Field ID: date. 1840 Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1] #### Medium and support Field ID: medium. Oil on canvas Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1] #### Dimensions Field ID: dimensions. 90.8 × 122.6 cm (35.7 × 48.2 in) Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1] #### Current collection or location Field ID: location. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts, United States Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1] #### Movement or period Field ID: period. Romanticism Source IDs: none linked in the published record. #### Country or culture Field ID: culture. British Source IDs: none linked in the published record. #### Depicted subject Field ID: subject-summary. A slave ship at sea in a coming typhoon, its crew having thrown enslaved people overboard; the full title reads Slavers throwing overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon coming on. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1] #### Title variants Field ID: title-variants. Slavers throwing overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon coming on; Le Négrier; La nave negriera; Das Sklavenschiff Source IDs: none linked in the published record. #### Accession number Field ID: accession-number. 99.22 Source IDs: none linked in the published record. #### Support Field ID: support. canvas Source IDs: none linked in the published record. ### Identity and catalogue Research section ID: catalogue. #### Catalogue identity and attribution Claim ID: archive-7ee1346ef66adf884b31. Evidence: documented. The painting is recorded under the full title Slavers throwing overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon coming on, and is commonly known as The Slave Ship. It is attributed to J. M. W. Turner, the British painter and printmaker who lived from 1775 to 1851. The work carries the date 1840. It is painted in oil on canvas, and is classified as marine art, associated with the Romantic period. The recorded dimensions are 90.8 cm high by 122.6 cm wide, given elsewhere as 91 by 123 cm or about 36 by 48 inches. The painting belongs to the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, under accession number 99.22. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1]. Locator: Summary, Description; Summary, Artist; Summary, Date; Summary, Dimensions; Captions; Summary, Object type and Genre; file usage, Romanticism Claim ID: legacy-reference-identity-1. Evidence: identity. The full title recorded for the painting is Slavers throwing overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon coming on, commonly known as The Slave Ship. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1] Claim ID: legacy-reference-identity-2. Evidence: identity. The painting is by J. M. W. Turner, the British painter and printmaker who lived from 1775 to 1851. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1] Claim ID: legacy-reference-identity-3. Evidence: identity. The work is dated 1840. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1] Claim ID: legacy-reference-identity-4. Evidence: identity. The painting measures 90.8 cm high by 122.6 cm wide, given elsewhere as 91 by 123 cm or about 36 by 48 inches. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1] Claim ID: legacy-reference-identity-5. Evidence: identity. The painting is classified as marine art and associated with the Romantic period. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1] ### Historical context Research section ID: context. #### Subject and Catalogued Associations Claim ID: archive-6e6e6b7e23266457f031. Evidence: documented. The object treated here is recorded under a long descriptive title, Slavers throwing overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon coming on, and is commonly known as The Slave Ship. That title is itself the record's primary statement about subject matter: it names slavers casting the dead and the dying overboard as a typhoon comes on, so the action and the weather are presented together rather than as separate elements. Because the title is the source's description of the action, it establishes the subject as the record frames it; it does not function as eyewitness testimony to any particular voyage, and the supplied material does not supply the number of people involved, their names, or the precise circumstances of a single crossing. The painting's catalogued associations extend the subject into the Zong massacre and the broader history of the Atlantic slave trade, an association recorded in the catalogue rather than a claim that a specific episode has been definitively identified as the scene depicted. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1]. Locator: Captions; Summary, Description; File usage on other wikis Claim ID: archive-12e8b78f4ae823f5469b. Evidence: interpretation. Read together, these units support a distinction that matters for the object's history: secure identification of the work and its institutional home does not settle the question of why it was made or how its subject was chosen. The record establishes a title naming a slave ship, people thrown overboard, and a coming typhoon; it establishes catalogued associations with the Zong massacre and the Atlantic slave trade; and it establishes the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston as the source of the reproduced image. It does not establish an eyewitness basis for the scene, a named participant in a specific event, or a documented chain of commission. The object's importance within a larger history of art and material culture therefore rests on a conjunction the record states plainly rather than on a reconstructed narrative: a marine subject, a human crime, and a storm are held together in one titled image. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1]. Locator: Captions; Summary, Description; File usage on other wikis; Source/Photographer; Licensing Claim ID: legacy-reference-context-1. Evidence: historical_context. The subject is described in the title as slavers throwing overboard the dead and dying as a typhoon comes on. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1] Claim ID: legacy-reference-context-2. Evidence: historical_context. The painting's catalogued associations include the Zong massacre and the broader history of the Atlantic slave trade. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1] ### Materials and technique Research section ID: materials. #### Documented Support and Medium Claim ID: id-4. Evidence: documented. The physical description that the supplied evidence documents most directly is the painting's support and medium: the work is oil on canvas. That is the single explicit materials statement in the evidence. While it is a brief technical fact, it anchors the section, because oil on canvas places the picture within the dominant practice of nineteenth-century British painting and determines how its surface behaves, how light passes into and scatters back from the paint film, and how the work has aged. The evidence does not specify the type, weave or weight of the canvas, the presence of a preparatory ground, the pigments used, the medium or varnish applied, or any conservation treatment or lining, and no such claims should be inferred. Likewise, the source describes the work as a marine painting and as belonging to the Romantic period, but these are classificatory labels rather than material evidence; they tell us where cataloguers place the picture, not what it is made of. Technical examination and visual inference must therefore be kept apart here: the medium is documented, and broader questions about layer structure, preparation, and pigment remain open in the supplied record. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1]. Locator: Summary, Medium #### Title, Scale and the Conditions of Making Claim ID: id-4-2. Evidence: documented. The same source supplies the title under which the work is recorded, Slavers throwing overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon coming on, commonly shortened to The Slave Ship, along with the attribution to J. M. W. Turner (1775 to 1851) and the date 1840. These facts are relevant to materials and technique even though they are not themselves technical, because a dated, titled, exhibited picture implies a moment and a format: the evidence gives the dimensions as 90.8 centimetres high by 122.6 centimetres wide, stated elsewhere as 91 by 123 centimetres or about 36 by 48 inches. That is a scale at which a painter working in oil on canvas could lay in broad areas of sea and sky with sweeping brushwork and could rework the surface before it dried, and the horizontal format suits the marine subject. The evidence also records that the painting belongs to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, under accession number 99.22, and that the file reproduces a photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional public domain work sourced from that museum. It is worth stating plainly that the evidence supports the attribution and the date as recorded facts but does not describe Turner's studio procedure, his materials suppliers, or his working sequence. Nothing in this unit should be stretched into a claim about how the paint was actually applied. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1]. Locator: Summary, Medium Claim ID: legacy-reference-materials-technique-1. Evidence: materials_technique. The painting is oil on canvas. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1] ### Reception and literature Research section ID: reception. #### Reproduction and Reference Use Claim ID: archive-e31408df7137ec388453. Evidence: documented. The corpus of documentation for this painting is not a single monument of scholarship but a layered record that includes at least one digital reproduction and its licensing apparatus. The supplied record states that it reproduces the painting as a faithful photographic reproduction of a two dimensional public domain work of art, sourced from the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. That formulation carries its own evidentiary weight: the image circulating online is offered as a reproduction rather than as an original document, and its rights status is derived from the public domain status of the underlying flat object, not from any claim about the painting's authorship, date or meaning. It also identifies the source as the museum that holds the work, which anchors the reproduction to an institutional object rather than to an anonymous scan. The same record is frank about its own limits, and the surrounding project annotation describes the file as a discovery and reference aid and says that an institutional object record remains the preferable source for catalogue identity. Read together, these statements mark a recurring feature of the painting's later life: it is knowable to most viewers through mediated images whose reliability depends on the care and openness of the holding institution, and whose descriptive captions are a step removed from the object itself. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1]. Locator: Source/Photographer; Licensing; File usage on other wikis Claim ID: id-11. Evidence: documented. That same file record sets out, in plain terms, the range of subjects the image has been used to illustrate: marine painting, Western painting, slavery at common law, and the Royal Academy Exhibition of 1840. This list is not a sequence of interpretations but a map of how the picture has been put to work. One use is stylistic and generic, placing the canvas within the histories of marine and Western painting. A second is legal and historical, invoking the topic of slavery at common law, the doctrinal terrain in which enslaved people were argued to be property and in which the moral and jurisdictional questions raised by the slave trade were litigated. A third is biographical and institutional, tying the picture to the exhibition context in which it first met a public. The evidence does not rank these uses or claim that they are equivalent; it records that they are catalogued associations of a single image. Taken as reception history rather than as biography of the artist, the list shows a nineteenth century oil painting moving through several communities of inquiry at once, each finding in it a usable illustration of a different subject. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1]. Locator: File usage on other wikis #### How the Subject Has Been Framed Claim ID: id-11-2. Evidence: documented. The most concrete surviving evidence about the painting's early public reception is its place in the Royal Academy Exhibition of 1840. The supplied record notes explicitly that the image has been used to illustrate that exhibition, which is evidence of later documentary use rather than of the original hanging itself; it does not describe the gallery, the crowd, or what reviewers wrote. What it does establish is a secure institutional and chronological anchor: the work was associated with a specific annual exhibition in the year recorded for the painting. For reception history this is a starting point, not a verdict. The exhibition supplied an occasion on which the picture could be seen as a public statement rather than a private possession, and it is the moment to which much later catalogue and reference use returns. The same record gives no account of critical responses, sales, or later ownership, and the account should not manufacture them. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1]. Locator: File usage on other wikis #### Reproduction and Reference Use Claim ID: archive-e31408df7137ec388453-2. Evidence: interpretation. The later reception of the picture has a technical dimension as well as a literary one. Because the reproduction is a photograph of a flat public domain work, the visible image is available for reuse and for the kind of encyclopedic reference uses the record catalogues, and its fidelity is asserted rather than demonstrated in the record itself. The annotation's caution that the institutional object record is the preferable source for catalogue identity is a real qualification on the reach of the digital document: it can support attribution of subject and association, but it is not the catalogue. This is a quiet but consequential point for how the painting's meanings accumulate. Where the object record would carry curatorial authority, the media file carries reuse value, and its circulation across topics such as marine painting, Western painting, slavery at common law, and the 1840 exhibition is itself part of the painting's modern life. It has become a standard illustration for several distinct histories at once, which is a different kind of fame from the fame of a single dramatic event. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1]. Locator: Source/Photographer; Licensing; File usage on other wikis Claim ID: legacy-reference-reception-1. Evidence: reception. The supplied record reproduces the painting as a faithful photographic reproduction of a two dimensional public domain work of art, sourced from the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1] Claim ID: legacy-reference-reception-2. Evidence: reception. The file is recorded as having been used to illustrate related subjects including marine painting, Western painting, slavery at common law, and the Royal Academy Exhibition of 1840. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1] ### Collection and display Research section ID: collection. #### Object record and catalogued identity Claim ID: id-6. Evidence: documented. The painting known as The Slave Ship is recorded under the fuller title Slavers throwing overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon coming on, and is credited to J. M. W. Turner, the British painter and printmaker who lived from 1775 to 1851. It is dated 1840 and is painted in oil on canvas. Its recorded dimensions are 90.8 cm high by 122.6 cm wide, given elsewhere as 91 by 123 cm or approximately 36 by 48 inches. In cataloguing terms the work is classified as marine art and associated with the Romantic period, and its catalogued associations include the Zong massacre and the broader history of the Atlantic slave trade. The recorded title states the subject as slavers throwing overboard the dead and dying as a typhoon comes on, a description of the action rather than a claim of eyewitness testimony: the work belongs to the history of the Atlantic slave trade as a subject, not to a recorded observation by the artist of a single voyage. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1]. Locator: Summary, Collection; Accession number Claim ID: id-6-2. Evidence: documented. The painting belongs to the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, with accession number 99.22. Its recorded associations extend beyond the canvas itself: the file is noted as having been used to illustrate marine painting, Western painting, slavery at common law, and the Royal Academy Exhibition of 1840. The supplied record also reproduces the painting as a faithful photographic reproduction of a two dimensional public domain work of art sourced from the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Because the available account rests on a Wikimedia Commons file record that credits the museum, the catalogue data it carries (title, artist, date, medium, dimensions and accession number) is best treated as a reference aid, with an institutional object record remaining the preferable source for catalogue identity. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1]. Locator: Summary, Collection; Accession number Claim ID: legacy-reference-collection-1. Evidence: collection. The painting belongs to the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, with accession number 99.22. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1] ### Documented values and qualified estimates Research section ID: values. #### The documented object and its valuation basis Claim ID: valuation-calculated-insurance. Evidence: interpretation. The object at the centre of this record is securely identified in the supplied documentation as an oil on canvas of 1840 by J. M. W. Turner (1775 to 1851), a British painter and printmaker, and as a securely attributed, high-prominence work of that artist held by the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston under accession number 99.22. The full title recorded for the painting is Slavers throwing overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon coming on, commonly known as The Slave Ship. The work is dated 1840, is executed in oil on canvas, and measures approximately 90.8 cm high by 122.6 cm wide, given elsewhere as 91 by 123 cm or about 36 by 48 inches. It is classified as marine art and associated with the Romantic period, with Turner placed as one of the most celebrated figures in British Romanticism. The subject is described in the title itself as slavers throwing overboard the dead and dying as a typhoon comes on, and the painting's catalogued associations include the Zong massacre and the broader history of the Atlantic slave trade. These are the confirmed facts on which any valuation discussion of this object must rest, and they are the only facts the working valuation evidence reports as its inputs. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1] #### The supplied figure and how it was produced Claim ID: valuation-calculated-insurance-2. Evidence: interpretation. The single value figure supplied for this object is a model-generated working range, not a market fact. It is recorded as a calculated working insurance estimate with an estimated insurance range of US$80M to US$200M, recorded as a working calculation generated 2026-10-16. The stated methodology is a broad working range derived from the confirmed artwork context: a securely attributed, high-prominence oil on canvas of 1840 by Turner, held by the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston under accession number 99.22. The calculation states that it uses only the supplied institutional record and public file documentation, which confirm artist, title, date, medium, dimensions of approximately 90.8 by 122.6 cm, and museum collection status. Because no official insurance schedule, appraisal, auction result, or sale record was supplied for this specific painting, the range is set conservatively as a broad order-of-magnitude band for manual review only. The factors named in the calculation are Turner's canonical market standing, the painting's museum-held masterpiece status, its exceptional art-historical prominence, and its inclusion of a sensitive historical subject that would affect loan, transport, and exhibition exposure. No comparable sales or private valuation data were used or invented. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1] #### Qualifications on the working estimate Claim ID: valuation-calculated-insurance-3. Evidence: interpretation. The qualification attached to that range is as consequential as the range itself. The evidence describes it as a model-generated working range for manual review, not an official insurance value, appraisal, auction result, or sale price. It is not based on an inspection of the physical artwork, an official museum valuation, an insurer's schedule, or any comparable sale record, and it should not be used to bind coverage, settle a claim, or establish market value. Any actual insurance amount would require a qualified appraiser, the institution's collection records, condition reporting, and institution-specific coverage terms. Put plainly, the same evidence unit that supplies the US$80M to US$200M band also supplies the reasons it cannot function as a documented valuation: the absence of a schedule, appraisal, auction result or sale record for this painting, and the absence of physical inspection, condition reporting and institution-specific coverage terms. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1] Claim ID: valuation-calculated-insurance-4. Evidence: interpretation. Read together, these statements establish a relationship rather than a single number. The confirmed object context supplies artist, title, date, medium, approximate dimensions and museum collection status; the working calculation converts that context into a broad order-of-magnitude band and explicitly flags the sensitive historical subject as a factor bearing on loan, transport and exhibition exposure. What the evidence does not establish is any actual transaction, coverage or appraisal figure, and the calculation makes no claim to one. The honest scholarly position is therefore that this painting has a documented identity and an undocumented monetary value, that the only figure in the record is a review-stage construct, and that any dollar amount for the work remains to be supplied by qualified appraisal, institutional collection records, condition reporting and institution-specific terms. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1] #### Circulation, exhibition and reference use Claim ID: valuation-calculated-insurance-5. Evidence: interpretation. The sensitivities named in the valuation reasoning connect to a documented creation and circulation history rather than to market data alone. The painting was exhibited in the Royal Academy Exhibition of 1840, and the supplied record notes that its image has been used to illustrate that exhibition. The supplied record also states that the painting is reproduced as a faithful photographic reproduction of a two dimensional public domain work of art, sourced from the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and that the file is recorded as having been used to illustrate related subjects including marine painting, Western painting, slavery at common law, and the Royal Academy Exhibition of 1840. Those uses document the painting's role as a reference image across several distinct lines of inquiry, which is consistent with the exceptional art-historical prominence cited as a valuation factor while remaining independent of any monetary figure. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1] Claim ID: valuation-calculated-insurance-6. Evidence: interpretation. There is also a factual distinction the evidence preserves and that a valuation account should not flatten. The title names the subject as slavers throwing overboard the dead and dying as a typhoon comes on, and the title is the source's description of the action, not a claim of eyewitness testimony: the work depicts a practice belonging to the history of the Atlantic slave trade rather than an event its maker witnessed. The catalogued association with the Zong massacre is an association in a catalogue, not a claim that this painting depicts that exact episode. The title also does not establish the number of people, their names, or the precise circumstances of any single voyage. These qualifications matter to valuation because the sensitive-subject factor invoked by the working calculation rests on a subject documented through the title and catalogue associations, with the scale of human loss left unspecified by the record. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1] #### The estimate as evidence about itself Claim ID: valuation-calculated-insurance-7. Evidence: interpretation. One caution belongs to the working estimate as a piece of evidence in its own right. It is a working calculation generated 2026-10-16, and it states that it derives its inputs from the supplied institutional record and public file documentation. It therefore postdates and depends on the object description rather than adding independent documentation of value. The only primary source supplied here is the Wikimedia Commons file record, which credits the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and gives title, artist, date, medium, dimensions, accession number and image licensing information, and which is itself described as a discovery and reference aid, with an institutional object record remaining the preferable source for catalogue identity. The file is recorded as partially consulted. A valuation figure resting on a discovery aid is, at best, provisional, and the evidence does not present it otherwise. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1] Claim ID: legacy-reference-values-1. Evidence: calculated_insurance. Calculated working insurance estimate, not a sale price: Estimated insurance range: US$80M to US$200M Recorded date: Working calculation, generated 2026-10-16. Methodology: Broad working range derived from the confirmed artwork context: a securely attributed, high-prominence oil on canvas of 1840 by J. M. W. Turner (1775 to 1851), one of the most celebrated figures in British Romanticism, held by the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston under accession number 99.22. The calculation uses only the supplied institutional record and public file documentation, which confirm artist, title, date, medium, dimensions of approximately 90.8 by 122.6 cm, and museum collection status. Because no official insurance schedule, appraisal, auction result, or sale record was supplied for this specific painting, the range is set conservatively as a broad order-of-magnitude band for manual review only, reflecting Turner's canonical market standing, the painting's museum-held masterpiece status, its exceptional art-historical prominence, and its inclusion of a sensitive historical subject that would affect loan, transport, and exhibition exposure. No comparable sales or private valuation data were used or invented. Qualification: This is a model-generated working range for manual review, not an official insurance value, appraisal, auction result, or sale price. It is not based on an inspection of the physical artwork, an official museum valuation, an insurer's schedule, or any comparable sale record. It should not be used to bind coverage, settle a claim, or establish market value. Any actual insurance amount would require a qualified appraiser, the institution's collection records, condition reporting, and institution-specific coverage terms. Source IDs: source-1. - [Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship, n.d.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg) [source-1] ## Books for further reading Amazon links are paid links. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. ### The paintings of J. M. W. Turner Martin Butlin, 1977. Published for the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art and the Tate Gallery by Yale University Press Butlin and Joll's catalogue of Turner's paintings is the standard scholarly catalogue raisonne of his oil paintings, so it covers The Slave Ship as a documented Turner painting rather than offering a survey of his career. Listed subjects include catalogues raisonnes and criticism and interpretation, which supports object-specific study of the picture's dating and exhibition record. Bibliography source ID: book-ol4563057m. ISBN: 0300021305 [Find book on Amazon.co.uk](https://www.amazon.co.uk/s?k=0300021305&tag=artifactarchi-21) Cover provenance: https://openlibrary.org/books/OL4563057M ### The slave ship: a human history Marcus Buford Rediker, 2007. John Murray Rediker's history of the slave ship treats the Atlantic slave trade and slave ships as an institution, which is the documented subject matter of Turner's painting. Its subject headings include slave ships, slave trade, transportation of enslaved people and New York Times reviewed, making it a scholarly study of the historical context the picture depicts, not a Turner monograph. Bibliography source ID: book-ol19373735m. ISBN: 9780719563027 [Find book on Amazon.co.uk](https://www.amazon.co.uk/s?k=9780719563027&tag=artifactarchi-21) Cover provenance: https://openlibrary.org/books/OL19373735M ### J.M.W. Turner Sam Smiles, 2000. Princeton University Press Sam Smiles's study is recorded under Turner criticism and interpretation and British painting, so it is a scholarly art-historical treatment of Turner that can bear on the interpretation of his works, including The Slave Ship. It is a focused critical study rather than an unrelated title that merely shares the artist's name. Bibliography source ID: book-ol7757624m. ISBN: 9780691070582 [Find book on Amazon.co.uk](https://www.amazon.co.uk/s?k=9780691070582&tag=artifactarchi-21) Cover provenance: https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7757624M ## Sources and literature ### [source-1] Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship Wikimedia Commons: The Slave Ship (n.d.). File:Slave-ship.jpg. Wikimedia Commons. Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg Publisher: Wikimedia Commons. Type: secondary. URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg Authors / editors: Not recorded. Publication year: Not recorded. Publication / journal: File:Slave-ship.jpg Language: English Full text link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave-ship.jpg Consultation status: partially_consulted. Access status: open_access. Relevance: artwork. Archive annotation: Wikimedia Commons file record for the painting, crediting the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and giving title, artist, date, medium, dimensions, accession number, and image licensing information. Used as a discovery and reference aid; an institutional object record remains the preferable source for catalogue identity. ### [book-ol4563057m] The paintings of J. M. W. Turner Martin Butlin (1977). The paintings of J. M. W. Turner. Published for the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art and the Tate Gallery by Yale University Press. ISBN: 0300021305. Available at: https://openlibrary.org/books/OL4563057M Publisher: Published for the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art and the Tate Gallery by Yale University Press. Type: book. URL: https://openlibrary.org/books/OL4563057M Authors / editors: Martin Butlin. Publication year: 1977. ISBN: 0300021305 Consultation status: not_yet_consulted. Archive annotation: Butlin and Joll's catalogue of Turner's paintings is the standard scholarly catalogue raisonne of his oil paintings, so it covers The Slave Ship as a documented Turner painting rather than offering a survey of his career. Listed subjects include catalogues raisonnes and criticism and interpretation, which supports object-specific study of the picture's dating and exhibition record. ### [book-ol19373735m] The slave ship: a human history Marcus Buford Rediker (2007). The slave ship: a human history. John Murray. ISBN: 9780719563027. Available at: https://openlibrary.org/books/OL19373735M Publisher: John Murray. Type: book. URL: https://openlibrary.org/books/OL19373735M Authors / editors: Marcus Buford Rediker. Publication year: 2007. ISBN: 9780719563027 Consultation status: not_yet_consulted. Archive annotation: Rediker's history of the slave ship treats the Atlantic slave trade and slave ships as an institution, which is the documented subject matter of Turner's painting. Its subject headings include slave ships, slave trade, transportation of enslaved people and New York Times reviewed, making it a scholarly study of the historical context the picture depicts, not a Turner monograph. ### [book-ol7757624m] J.M.W. Turner Sam Smiles (2000). J.M.W. Turner. Princeton University Press. ISBN: 9780691070582. Available at: https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7757624M Publisher: Princeton University Press. Type: book. URL: https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7757624M Authors / editors: Sam Smiles. Publication year: 2000. ISBN: 9780691070582 Consultation status: not_yet_consulted. Archive annotation: Sam Smiles's study is recorded under Turner criticism and interpretation and British painting, so it is a scholarly art-historical treatment of Turner that can bear on the interpretation of his works, including The Slave Ship. It is a focused critical study rather than an unrelated title that merely shares the artist's name. ## Editorial note Published automatically by Artifact Archive. No human editorial review. ## Coverage and revisions Recorded scope: This record brings together the supplied object-specific evidence and literature. Its citations identify the sources supporting each account. Scope updated on: 2026-10-16 Bibliography entries held: 4. Literature coverage is accumulating. Finding or cataloguing a publication does not mean it has been consulted. A missing consultation status is not recorded. The record does not claim that all literature has been found. 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